In Part 3 of our nine-part series on AI Connections 2024, we look at how, what, and where AI is transforming industry, and where to go for ideas, companies, products, and services.
Introduction
Welcome to Part 3 of this nine-part series on AI Connections 2024. We continue here to use the Taxonomy of AI technologies proposed in Part 1.
Part 3 will be a little different in its construction and format: essentially, it's a compendium of resources, how, what, and where AI is transforming industry, and where to go for ideas, companies, products, and services.
All sources have been read and selected according to content quality and ability to add value to the objective, which is to inform of commercially available resources, services, products, and useful information.
Comments are only added where a source is exceptional, or where additional commentary can add value. As expected, The Fragile Sea is not liable for any claims presented by third-party sources, nor can we attest to their veracity; please see our standard terms for more details.
I attempt to answer three questions in each technology area of the taxonomy:
- What is available? (Technology stacks, models, apps, tools, datasets, training courses, conferences, and sources)
- How can companies use/consume/leverage them?
- How do we manage/project manage them?
At the end, a list of research questions to monitor this year concludes the article.
Let’s go!
General comments
In his second letter to shareholders in April 2023, the CEO of Amazon, Andy Jassy, noted that a newer form of machine learning, Generative AI, had arisen, “based on very Large Language Models (trained on up to hundreds of billions of parameters, and growing), across expansive datasets, (that) has radically general and broad recall and learning capabilities” [1]. He also noted Amazon’s continued substantial investments in AI, and that it would transform and improve “virtually every customer experience”.
In October 2023, The Wall Street Journal carried a sponsored article reporting on the Summer 2023 Fortune/Deloitte CEO survey indicating that over half of CEOs were evaluating and experimenting with Generative AI [2].
Around the same time, however, the WSJ also reported that Big Tech was struggling to turn AI hype into profits and that some companies were unhappy with the cost and time to train models [3]. Furthermore, another article pointed to Generative AI making it harder for companies to manage their cloud budgets [4], but there were early adopters making headway in surprisingly diverse areas, from travel to interior decorating [5].
Fast forward to January 2024, and Yahoo Finance noted a Boston Consulting Group (BCG) report finding that 90% of executives surveyed were adopting a ‘wait and see’ approach even as they experimented in minor ways [6].
Indirect commercial benefits
Before we step into the taxonomy, it is useful to consider open-source breakthroughs in Generative AI that are incredibly useful, and that will almost certainly lead to commercial products and services down the track, as well as obvious benefits to humanity.
If there is any question that AI is not the world-changing innovation hype has made it out to be, consider the following few examples out of many:
AlphaFold
If one visits the American Academy of Achievement personal page for Dr. Demis Hassabis CBE, Founder of DeepMind (acquired by Google in 2014), there is an account of DeepMind’s development of AlphaFold2 and its recognition as a solution to the 50-year “protein folding problem.” Proteins must be folded precisely into specific 3D shapes to function properly. Even though they may use the same basic components, the distinct shapes enable them to perform different roles. Solving the protein folding problem would therefore open significant areas of medical science to discoveries and insights into health and disease.
Will Douglas Heaven at the MIT Tech Review, in an article quoting Hassabis extensively, wrote that proteins are indispensable to life and are made up of ribbons of amino acids, - the 3D shape involving “a knot of complex twists and twirls” determining what the protein does. Solving those shapes for over 200 million proteins was, according to Hassabis, the most complex thing he has ever done; he had been thinking about it for over 25 years [7].
DeepMind freely released the source code and extensive documentation in July 2021, and set up a public database with the European Bioinformatics Institute, that populated new protein structures as they were output, or ‘predicted’, by AlphaFold2. DeepMind also noted that teams around the world were already utilising the database to work on antibiotic resistance, cancer, COVID-19, and other challenges in medical science [8], [9].
In July 2022, the success of the database was widely reported as it then included almost all the proteins known to science [10]. AlphaFold2 could be implemented with ‘limited computational resources’, as one external researcher noted [11].
Theoretical --> applied
In another example, Nature magazine reported on a large language model resolving a longstanding unsolved math problem [12]. Will Douglas Heaven, again writing in the MIT Tech Review, quoted Pushmeet Kohli, vice president of research at Google DeepMind, on how important achievements like this were. The surprise was that the outcome was not in the training data, “it wasn’t even known”, Kohli said [13].
Medical use
Recently, the Guardian reported that a study had found AI use in breast cancer screening was as good as two radiologists, however, questions remained still about complete veracity and that the promising interim safety results were “not enough on their own to confirm that AI is ready to be implemented in mammography screening” [14].
In 2020, an Open Access PubMed paper on the impact of AI in the radiography profession, noted a generally positive response from the profession, however, “the opportunities for greater professional autonomy, decision-making, and professional influence are substantial, but only if radiographers take the first step to define how they wish to work in an AI-enabled environment” [15].
Based on these few examples, and despite the known issues with large language models, it is very difficult to argue that AI, when used properly, is not a beneficial, innovation, nor that it will not bring significant efficiencies and further innovations to business, society, and generally, to humankind.
Let us therefore proceed, through our defined taxonomy, to consider commercial opportunities and sources.
1 Cognitive computing
What's available
- Super Brains: Cognitive Computing for CEOs, Technologists, and Business Decision Makers [16]
- Cognitive Computing Demystified [17]
- 21 Top Cognitive Computing Technologies Companies to Know [18]
- What is Cognitive Computing Technology? Examples That Are Transforming Business [19]
- Cognitive Computing in Your Business Strategy [20]
- Turning Cognitive Computing into Business Value. Today. [21]
- 5 Areas Where Every Business Should Be Using Cognitive AI Today [22]
- Consumers’ perception on the use of cognitive computing [23]
Courses
- Cognitive Computing Training - Ireland [24]
- Koenig Cognitive Computing Training [25]
Conferences
- The Sixteenth International Conference on Advanced Cognitive Technologies and Applications Cognitive 2024 April 14, 2024 to April 18, 2024 - Venice, Italy [26]
- EAI IC4S 2024 - 5th EAI International Conference on Cognitive Computing and Cyber-Physical Systems April 5-7, 2024 Andhra Pradesh, India [27]
Magazines
- International Journal of Cognitive Computing in Engineering [28]
- Special Issue on Cognitive AI for Intelligent Computing and Communications, Connection Science [29]
2 Computer vision
What's available
- How Five Industries Are Using Computer Vision Technologies [30]
- What is Computer Vision and how to use it in business [31]
- 27 Most Popular Computer Vision Companies & Startups (2024) [32]
- 35 Computer Vision Companies and Startups To Know [33]
- How Companies Use Computer Vision to Effectively Solve Problems [34]
- 8 Computer Vision Use Cases That Are Transforming Industries [35]
- How Computer Vision Can Transform Your Businesses [36]
- 11 Best Computer Vision Examples in 2024 [37]
- Computer Vision Is Driving Huge ROI for Businesses [38]
- Computer Vision Value For Businesses: 10 Proven Use Cases [39]
- 34 World Leading Edge Computer Vision Companies for Good [40]
- A Practical Guide to Using Computer Vision for Business Growth [41]
- The 100 Most Popular Computer Vision Applications in 2024 [42]
Courses
- Advanced Master’s Degree in Robotics and Computer Vision Tech Ireland [43]
- Deep Learning: Advanced Computer Vision (GANs, SSD, +More!) Udemy [44]
- Introduction to Computer Vision and Image Processing IBM [45]
- First Principles of Computer Vision Specialization Columbia University [46]
- Computer Vision Basics University at Buffalo [47]
- Computer Vision for Engineering and Science Specialization Mathworks [48]
Conferences
- The 18th European Conference on Computer Vision ECCV 2024 Sep 29th - Oct 4th, 2024 Milano [49]
- 2024 International Joint Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CCVPR 2024), Shanghai, China, August 30th to September 1st, 2024. [50]
Magazines
- International Journal of Computer Vision [51]
- Top 15 journals in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition [52]
- Computer Vision News (Free) [53]
- Best Computer Science Journals Ranking for Image Processing & Computer Vision [54]
- IET Computer Vision [55]
- Best Computer Vision And Pattern Recognition Journals [56]
3 Distributed Artificial Intelligence (DAI)
- Single-agent systems
- Multi-agent systems
- AI chatbots, companion AI chatbots
What's available
- Cooperative and Competitive Multi-Agent Systems: From Optimization to Games [57]
- What’s Hot in Multi-Agent Systems? [58]
- A Review of Platforms for the Development of Agent Systems [59]
- Multiagent Systems: A Survey from a Machine Learning Perspective [60]
- Overview of Software Agent Platforms Available in 2023 [61]
- Multi-Agent Systems: A Survey [62]
- Multi-agent systems and their applications [63]
Courses
- Coursera Multi-Agent systems [64]
Conferences
- The 23rd International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems (AAMAS), Auckland, New Zealand, 6 – 10 May 2024 [65]
- ECAI 2024 - 27th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence
- Multiagent Systems Conferences 2024/2025/2026 [66]
Organisations
- The International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (IFAAMAS)[67]
4 Expert systems
What's available
- Expert Systems, Artificial Intelligence - AI Compare 8 Companies [68]
- The Tale of Two AIs: GPT vs. Expert Systems [69]
- Expert Systems: A Comeback Story [70]
- Unraveling the World of Expert Systems in Artificial Intelligence [71]
- What are Expert Systems in Artificial Intelligence? 2024 [72]
- 18 Cutting-Edge Artificial Intelligence Applications in 2024 [73]
- What are the key trends in expert system development? 2024 [74]
- Future of Expert Systems In AI: Applications and Technologies 2024 [75]
- Expert Systems: Harnessing the Power of Specialized Knowledge Dec 2023 [76]
- Mikeroyal/Expert-Systems-Guide - excellent Github [77]
Courses
- Expert Systems - National University of Singapore [78]
- Expert System in AI - Scholarhat (online) [79]
- Expert Systems In Artificial Intelligence (Online) [80]
Conferences
- DEXA: Database and Expert Systems Applications. The 35th DEXA conferences and workshops will be held in Naples, Italy from 26-28 August 2024 [81]
- The World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology (WASET), International Conference on Expert Systems with Applications. September 2024 in Rome, and October 2024 in Istanbul [82].
- 4th International Conference on Sustainable Expert Systems ICSES 2024, 15-17, October 2024 | Lekhnath, Nepal [83]
5 Future worlds
What's available
- Materials and devices for immersive virtual reality [84]
- 18 real-world use cases of the metaverse, plus examples [85]
- Your Corporate Metaverse [86]
- The expanding frontiers of computer vision in the metaverse [87]
Courses
- Postgraduate Diploma Web 3.0: The Foundation of the Metaverse (Ireland)
- Top Metaverse Courses Online - Updated (March 2024) [88]
- 5 Best Metaverse Courses in 2024: Learn Metaverse Skills | Simplilearn [89]
- Free Course: What is the Metaverse? (Meta Business) [90]
- 9 Best Metaverse Courses (Free & Paid) [91]
- 80+ Metaverse Online Courses for 2024 | Explore Free Courses & Certifications [92]
Conferences
- Top 10 Upcoming Metaverse Events in 2024 [93]
- Events Calendar for Metaverse, NFTs, Web3, Blockchain, AI/Big Data, AR/VR/MR/XR [94]
- Metaverse Conferences 2024/2025/2026 [95]
6 Fuzzy logic
What's available
- Fuzzy Logic in Artificial Intelligence [96]
- The Fascinating Role of Fuzzy Logic in Advancing AI [97]
- Fuzzy Logic: Definition, Meaning, Examples, and History [98]
- Real-Life Applications of Fuzzy Logic [99]
- What are the applications of fuzzy logic in various scientific and engineering fields? [100]
- Fuzzy Logic Implementation in Information Systems - An Overview [101]
- Advanced Fuzzy Logic Technologies in Industrial Applications [102]
- Fuzzy Logic in Business, Management and Accounting [103]
- Fuzzy Logic and Their application in Different Areas of Engineering Science and Research : A Survey [104]
Courses
- Top Fuzzy Logic Courses Online - Updated (March 2024) [105]
- The Complete Course of Fuzzy Logic 2024 - Tutorialspoint [106]
- Fuzzy Logic Control Systems [107]
- Fuzzy Logic And Neural Networks [108]
- Online Course: Programming Foundations: Fuzzy Logic from LinkedIn Learning [109]
Conferences
- Fuzzy Logic Conferences 2024/2025/2026 [110]
- ICFIE 2024 - International Conference on Fuzzy Information and Engineering, 28-29 Oct 2024, Paris, France [111]
7 Machine learning (ML)
- Deep learning – reinforcement learning, etc
- Large language models, transformer architecture, attention, etc
- Neural networks
What's available - technology stacks
We should look first at technology stacks. There are many definitions of what a technology stack is, but essentially it is a visual representation of connected ‘layers’ of components, systems, services, hardware, software, and concepts, that make up a higher order ‘set’ description of multiple technologies that work together for some specific purpose. Representative definitions can be found here [112], [113], [114].
A little history on stacks: systems interconnections for computer networks were served very well for many years by the Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model), known as the OSI 7-Layer model [115]. The Internet protocol suite (defined in RFC 1122 and RFC 1123) came earlier, and was the foundation for the development of the Internet, with a similar but much less rigorous structure than the OSI model. For many years, with some humour, the OSI model was discussed in terms of relevance, some still fond of it, while others are certain it is out of date [116], [117], [118], [119]. I haven’t heard it brought up in technical meetings for many years.
The concept, however, is very useful and can take many forms, from a high-level view, down to detailed stacks. Recently, the Economist provided a high-level four-layer Generative AI stack with Apps, at the top, going down through Models, then Cloud Infra, and Hardware Infra at the bottom [120]. It’s a reasonable starting point, but as I wrote in Part 1, there are some very detailed stacks available. They provide insight, and ‘go-to’ companies for the various products and services offered:
- Jonathan Shriftman developed ‘A Beginners Guide to The Generative AI Infrastructure Stack’, a pyramidal representation of the building blocks of Generative AI, in a deeply knowledgeable article that reflects his already successful commercial forays into AI [121].
- Andreessen Horowitz provides a useful ‘High-level tech stack: Infrastructure, models, and apps’ in an article entitled ‘Who Owns the Generative AI Platform?’ by Matt Bornstein, Guido Appenzeller, and Martin Casado [122].
- Ukrainian AI scientist, Viacheslav Osaulenko, has written a reflective, excellent series of articles on AI, Part Four includes a drawn terrain map of AI in the form of a human brain [123], [124].
- Andreessen Horowitz also provides a lower level ‘Emerging LLM App Stack’ and a detailed explanation which are also very useful, by Matt Bornstein and Rajko Radovanovic [125].
What's available - other resources
What other resources are helpful for businesses when contemplating how to implement LLMs and Generative AI in their businesses? I discuss quite a few practical sources in the TFS#05 bi-weekly newsletter, so no need to repeat them here, apart from:
Kate Koidan and Mariya Yeo have just released the second edition of ‘Applied Artificial Intelligence: A Handbook For Business Leaders’ (2nd Ed.) [126]. The section of seven chapters on ‘How To Develop An Enterprise AI Strategy’ is brilliant.
Other practical sources (bearing in mind Generative AI is subject to rapid progress):
- The best large language models (LLMs) in 2024 [127]
- 8 Top Open-Source LLMs for 2024 and Their Uses [128]
- Four steps to implement a large language model successfully [129]
- Five Stages Of LLM Implementation [130]
- 5 ways to deploy your own large language model [131]
- Best practices for building LLMs [132]
Courses
Deeplearning.ai’s Intermediate level course ‘Generative AI with Large Language Models’, on Coursera [133] takes 16 hours to complete and is highly recommended. Andrew Ng’s approach to education and top-class educators make all their courses exceptional [134]. The Generative AI course has a strong focus on the project management and business implementation of LLM projects, with a nifty PMI-type project flow diagram of functional processes, backed by educators taking students through the steps and processes.
Other courses:
- Post Graduate Program in AI and Machine Learning [135]
- Machine Learning (ML) & Artificial Intelligence (AI) - AWS Digital and Classroom Training [136]
- DeepLearning.AI Deep Learning Specialization [137]
- Professional Academy Certificate in Data Analytics: Machine Learning [138]
- 7 Best Machine Learning Courses for 2024 [139]
- Udemy Top Machine Learning Courses Online - Updated (March 2024) [140]
Conferences
- The Best AI and ML Conferences of 2024 [141]
- List of AI and Machine Learning conferences in 2024 [142]
- Top AI Conferences of 2024: Generative AI and Beyond [143]
- Online AI / ML conferences 2024 / 2025 [144]
- The Top AI Conferences To Attend In 2024 [145]
8 Natural language processing (NLP)
- Speech translation - different to NLP but both are used in combination
- Chatbots
What's available
- Top 10 NLP Tools & Services in 2022 [146]
- Top Natural Language Processing Applications For Business [147]
- 11 NLP Applications & Examples in Business [148]
- NLP commercialization in the last 25 years [149]
- Using NLP For Business Success [150]
- A Complete Guide To Natural Language Processing Last updated on Jan 11, 2023 [151]
- Natural Language Processing (NLP) Solutions | IBM [152]
- Open Access Peer-Reviewed Chapter Natural Language Processing Applications in Business [153]
- NLP for Good 100: Leading Companies Applying Natural Language Processing for Positive Impact [154]
Courses
- Natural Language Processing Specialization [155]
- Top NLP Courses - Coursera [156]
- Natural Language Processing with Deep Learning - Online Stanford [157]
Conferences
- ICONIP 2024 - 31st International Conference on Neural Information Processing
- NLP Upcoming Conferences 2024 [158]
- Natural Language Processing (NLP) Conferences 2024/2025/2026 [159]
- Conferences > Informatics > Natural Language Processing, Computational Linguistics [160]
9 Robotics
Robotics, in all its forms, is a robust area of progress in terms of AI, and there are a good many developments, from industrial climbing robots, to multi-agent environment sensing, to wearable limbs, to humanoid companion robots, and so forth.
What's available
- Industrial robots for smarter automation - Fanuc [161]
- Commercial Robots Market Know the Scope and Trends [162]
- Top 5 Commercial Robots in Retail [163]
- Wearable Robotics for Impaired Upper-Limb Assistance and Rehabilitation: State of the Art and Future Perspectives [164]
- Top 22 Humanoid Robots in Use Right Now | Built In [165]
- Industrial and Commercial Service Robots [166]
- Consumer and Commercial Robots [167]
- Commercial Robotics Market Size, Share, Value & Forecast 2030 [168]
- Ag-Robot Buying Guide 2024 is out now [169]
- Behavioral-economic Games with Commercially Available Robots [170]
- A Survey of Robots in Healthcare [171]
- Climbing Robots for Commercial Applications - A Survey [172]
- Automation and Robots in Services: Review of Data and Taxonomy [173]
Courses
- Top Robotics Courses - Learn Robotics Online - Coursera [174]
- Robotics Fundamental Course - Udemy [175]
- Robotics Software Engineer [176]
Conferences
- Upcoming Conferences - IEEE Robotics and Automation Society [177]
- Robots for Roboticists Upcoming Robotics Conferences & Events List [178]
- Robotics Conferences 2024/2025/2026 [179]
- Top Robotics Conferences 2024 & 2025 [180]
- Best Robotics Conferences To Attend In 2024 [181]
Conclusion
Some of the above might seem like just long lists of sources, but each link has been read and selected because it adds value, and they are well worth reading.
This concludes Part 3: Commercial Exploitation of this nine-part series AI Connections, 2024. Below, please find the Part 3 research questions we will monitor this year.
Part 4 looks at Generative AI, sentience and consciousness, areas of active research, debate and disagreement. It’s a fun area to dive into.
Thanks for reading, I hope you have found the sources and comments helfpul and informative. Take care, Brent.
Commercial Exploitation Research Questions 2024:
- What innovations and breakthroughs are emerging and being commercialised?
- How is safety being tracked along with products?
- How are products and services being marketed?
- How do we certify the veracity of systems?
- What disruption/replacement is taking place?
The changes to workforce movements will be significant but it is not clear yet if the doom scenario of mass unemployment is aligned with likely outcomes. Generative AI may make work more fruitful and productive, and lead to significant new workforce opportunities.
Room 5000 - a short story I wrote in 1981 about a computer becoming sentient
TFS#09 - What do Neoliberalism, Friederich Hayek, markets, algorithms, AI, and creativity have in common? We delve into these subjects for more connections
TFS#08 - What are the correlations between growth, debt, inflation, and interest rates? In this business edition of The Fragile Sea, we go hunting in corporate, institutional, and academic papers for insights in the face of heightened political, economic, corporate, and environmental risks, and more besides!
TFS#07 - We discuss a mixing pot of subjects - the state of AI, will there be food shortages this summer? good things and not so in energy, pandemics - are we ready? some remarkable discoveries, and more!
TFS#06 - Can AI produce true creativity? We discuss music, art and creativity, why human creators have a strong future, and why we must assure that they do
TFS#05 - Practical guides for implementing AI, in other news, a revisit on CRISPR, and events in spaceweather, fake publishing, spring blossoms, and more!
TFS#04 - Has Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) arrived already? We look at the goings on in AI over the past four months
TFS#03 - AGI and machine sentience, copyright, developments in biotech, space weather, and much more
TFS#02 - Sam Altman's $7trn request for investment in AI, economic outlooks, and happenings in biotech, robotics, psychology, and philosophy.
TFS#01 - Economic outlooks, and happenings in AI, social media, biotech, robotics, psychology, and philosophy.
AI 2024 Series
Part 1: Introduction / History of AI
Part 2: Technologies
Part 3: Commercial uses
Part 4: Neural architectures and sentience - coming soon!
Part 5: Meaning, Language, and Data
Part 6: Ethics, oversight and legal
Part 7: Media and social
Part 8: Future humanity
[1]: A. Jassy, ‘CEO Andy Jassy’s 2022 Letter to Shareholders’, US About Amazon, Apr. 13, 2023. https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/company-news/amazon-ceo-andy-jassy-2022-letter-to-shareholders
[2]: Deloitte, ‘Surveyed CEOs Expect Generative AI to Drive Growth, Efficiency’, WSJ, 2023. https://deloitte.wsj.com/cmo/surveyed-ceos-expect-generative-ai-to-drive-growth-efficiency-905d5d2
[3]: T. D. and D. Seetharaman, ‘Big Tech Struggles to Turn AI Hype Into Profits’, WSJ, 2023. https://www.wsj.com/tech/ai/ais-costly-buildup-could-make-early-products-a-hard-sell-bdd29b9f
[4]: B. Lin and I. Bousquette, ‘Companies Tried to Spend Less on Cloud. Then AI Showed Up.’, Wall Street Journal, Nov. 15, 2023. https://www.wsj.com/articles/companies-tried-to-spend-less-on-cloud-then-ai-showed-up-1bb6344e.
[5]: B. Lin, ‘How Did Companies Use Generative AI in 2023? Here’s a Look at Five Early Adopters’, Wall Street Journal, Dec. 29, 2023. https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-did-companies-use-generative-ai-in-2023-heres-a-look-at-five-early-adopters-6e09c6b3.
[6]: B. Dumas, ‘Despite the hype over generative AI, most CEOs are taking a ‘wait and see’ approach’, Yahoo Finance, Jan. 12, 2024. https://finance.yahoo.com/news/despite-hype-over-generative-ai-103319104.html
[7]: W. D. Heaven, ‘These six questions will dictate the future of generative AI’, MIT Technology Review, 2023. https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/12/19/1084505/generative-ai-artificial-intelligence-bias-jobs-copyright-misinformation/
[8]: American Academy of Achieveme, ‘Demis Hassabis, Ph.D.’, Academy of Achievement, 2023. https://achievement.org/achiever/demis-hassabis-ph-d/
[9]: Google DeepMind, ‘AlphaFold reveals the structure of the protein universe’, 2022. https://www.deepmind.com/blog/alphafold-reveals-the-structure-of-the-protein-universe
[10]: M. Irving, ‘Incredible database now includes almost every protein known to science’, New Atlas, Jul. 29, 2022. https://newatlas.com/science/deepmind-alphafold-protein-folding-structure-database/
[11]: T. Sobodu, ‘How to Deploy and Interpret AlphaFold2 with Minimal Compute’, Medium, Feb. 24, 2023. https://towardsdatascience.com/how-to-deploy-and-interpret-alphafold2-with-minimal-compute-9bf75942c6d7
[12]: B. Romera-Paredes et al., ‘Mathematical discoveries from program search with large language models’, Nature, pp. 1–8, Dec. 2023, https://www.doi.org/10/gs843s
[13]: Heaven, Will Douglas, ‘Google DeepMind used a large language model to solve an unsolved math problem’, MIT Technology Review, 2023. https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/12/14/1085318/google-deepmind-large-language-model-solve-unsolvable-math-problem-cap-set/
[14]: A. Gregory, ‘AI use in breast cancer screening as good as two radiologists, study finds’, The Guardian, Aug. 02, 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2023/aug/02/ai-use-breast-cancer-screening-study-preliminary-results.
[15]: M. Hardy and H. Harvey, ‘Artificial intelligence in diagnostic imaging: impact on the radiography profession’, Br J Radiol, vol. 93, no. 1108, p. 20190840, Mar. 2020, https://www.doi.org/10/gk5qwq
[16]: D. Ramos, ‘Cognitive Computing Essentials for CEOs | Smartsheet’, Nov. 12, 2021. https://www.smartsheet.com/cognitive-computing-applications-examples
[17]: Simplilearn.com, ‘Cognitive Computing Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide’, Simplilearn.com, Aug. 22, 2023. https://www.simplilearn.com/cognitive-computing-article
[18]: L. Bertagnoli, ‘21 Top Cognitive Computing Technologies Companies Worth Knowing | Built In’, Aug. 19, 2022. https://builtin.com/artificial-intelligence/cognitive-computing-technologies-companies
[19]: P. Niebler, ‘What is Cognitive Computing Technology? Examples That Are Transforming Business’, Apr. 01, 2023. https://www.gflesch.com/elevity-it-blog/cognitive-technology
[20]: FasterCapital, ‘Cognitive Computing in Your Business Strategy’, FasterCapital, Nov. 09, 2023. https://fastercapital.com/startup-topic/Cognitive-Computing-in-Your-Business-Strategy.html
[21]: Accenture, ‘Turning Cognitive Computing into Business Value. Today.’ Jun. 28, 2021. https://paul4innovating.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/accenture-turning-cognitive-computing-business-value-today.pdf.
[22]: H. Yuan (Max), ‘5 Areas Where Every Business Should Be Using Cognitive AI Today’, Entrepreneur, Aug. 10, 2023. https://www.entrepreneur.com/science-technology/5-areas-where-every-business-should-be-using-cognitive-ai/456661
[23]: C. Pelau and M. Barbul, ‘Consumers’ perception on the use of cognitive computing’, Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 639–649, Dec. 2021, https://www.doi.org/10/gtkxj6
[24]: The Knowledge Academy, ‘Cognitive Computing Training Course - Ireland’, 2024. https://www.theknowledgeacademy.com/ie/courses/artificial-intelligence-and-machine-learning/cognitive-computing-training/
[25]: Koenig Solutions, ‘Cognitive Computing Training Certification Courses | Koenig Solutions’, koenig-solutions, 2024. https://www.koenig-solutions.com/cognitive-computing-training-courses
[26]: Cognitive 2024, ‘COGNITIVE 2024’, 2024. https://www.iaria.org/conferences2024/COGNITIVE24.html
[27]: EAI, ‘EAI IC4S 2024 – 5th EAI International Conference on Cognitive Computing and Cyber Physical Systems’, 2024. https://ic4s-conference.eai-conferences.org/2024/
[28]: A. K. Sangaiah, ‘International Journal of Cognitive Computing in Engineering’, KeAi Publishing, 2024. https://www.keaipublishing.com/en/journals/international-journal-of-cognitive-computing-in-engineering/
[29]: T. & Francis, ‘Connection Science: Cognitive AI for Intelligent Computing and Communications’, May 31, 2024. https://think.taylorandfrancis.com/special_issues/cognitive-ai-intelligent-computing-communications/
[30]: A. Das, ‘How Five Industries Are Using Computer Vision Technologies’, Jun. 22, 2022. https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2022/06/22/how-five-industries-are-using-computer-vision-technologies/?sh=317ddffd635b
[31]: The Data Scientist, ‘What is Computer Vision and how to use it in business’, The Data Scientist, Jan. 26, 2024. https://thedatascientist.com/what-is-computer-vision-and-how-to-use-it-in-business/
[32]: E. Odemakinde, ‘27 Most Popular Computer Vision Companies & Startups (2024)’, viso.ai, Dec. 12, 2023. https://viso.ai/computer-vision/most-popular-computer-vision-companies-and-startups/
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